On South Sudan Sanctions, Deng Tells ICP UN Security Should Have Waited for Its March 12 Visit to African Union

By Matthew Russell Lee

UNITED NATIONS, March 3 -- After the UN Security Council voted unanimously to create a South Sudan sanctions committee and Panel of Experts on March 3, Inner City Press asked the country's Permanent Representative Francis Deng about the vote, and about children abducted to become soldiers, allegedly by a government-aligned militia.

    Deng replied that sanctions rarely help and that the reasons the US had waited still applied.

   Inner City Press asked if Deng thought the Security Council should have waited until its meets with the African Union Peace and Security Council on March 12. Deng replied that the Council talks about coordinating with and even deferring to regional bodies and Africa, but then doesn't.

  On child soldiers, Deng said that their abduction violates the country's cultural traditions. We'll have more on this.

 On February 27 after UN Spokesman Stephane Dujarric read out a vague summary of the UN's investigation into the deadly downing of one of its helicopters in South Sudan last August, Inner City Press asked for specifics:

Inner City Press: you said that they were unable to determine who did it, that it came from an area between In Opposition and the Government.  But there was this audiotape of Peter Gadet threatening the UN to shoot down helicopters that was… you know, days before it was shot down.  So, can you say or find out whether these Board of Inquiry people listened to the audio and whether they found it not credible or… why it's not part of the report?

Spokesman Dujarric:  They had all the information that was available to them.  As a general point, a threat is a threat.  I think what they were looking at is for hard evidence to figure out who had shot the helicopter, they were not able to come in with any conclusive information.

Inner City Press: Do they use a different standard of proof than even a court because usually like it seems like --

Spokesman:  A Board of Inquiry tries to establish what happened.  Obviously, they looked at the helicopter and all the information they had.  That's the conclusion they came up with. 

  But why? Beyond Gadet, the International Crisis Group, for example, implies that the government itself shot the copter down: 

"an UNMISS helicopter was shot down on 26 August, killing three. Although the results of its investigation have not been released, initial reports suggest this was done from territory controlled by the government and by a weapons system know to be in the hands of the government [n. 100:  Crisis Group interviews, UN officials, Nairobi, November 2014; defence and security adviser, Nairobi, December 2014.]"

  For UN Peacekeeping under Herve Ladsous to remain silent is consistent with its approach to the Tabit rapes in Darfur, the Minova rapes in November 2012 by the DR Congo Army, and the shooting at unarmed protesters in Haiti (to say nothing of the killing by cholera there.)

  Watch this site.

   

In Abyei, Sudan Balloting Panned, Referendum Lobbied For, Closed Doors

By Matthew Russell Lee

UNITED NATIONS, October 14 -- When the UN Security Council's closed-door meeting about Abyei ended on October 7, UN Peacekeeping's Edmond Mulet walked briskly out and to the elevator. 

  A Sudanese diplomat raced after him, catching him before the elevator door closed and speaking for a minute. The diplomat told Inner City Press there are “issues” on the ostensibly non-controversial technical roll-over of the mandate of the UN mission in Abyei, UNISFA.

  The mandate was unanimously extended a week later on October 14, after behind the scenes griping that, unlike on also unanimous Haiti mandate extension on October 14, did not give rise to explanation of vote by any Council member.

  (South Sudan Permanent Representative and former UN official Francis Deng said that those pushing to recognition of the Dinka's unilateral referendum in Abyei "might" be sitting behind him.)

   Inner City Press spoke with a number of Security Council members and learned one issue was this unilateralism  -- specifically, the Dinka held their own unilateral referendum, and now the Sudanese want to include Abyei in their own elections.

At least two Council members said behind closed doors that Sudan is within its rights on this, and others agreed afterward. But it was said such inclusion would fan tensions -- all this behind closed doors.

The October 7 Abyei meeting, and a meeting earlier that day on the tail end of the Syria chemical weapons mission, were both behind closed doors. This is when the Free UN Coalition for Access has asked that Council president's hold question and answer stakeouts. It did not happen on October 7, and there were no explanations of vote on October 14.

  At the October 7 noon briefing when FUNCA asked, UN Spokesman Stephane Dujarric said his Office was to blame for the lack of notice to the press of October's UNSC President's read-out at the UNTV stakeout of multiple press statements. Issues sail through in this fashion. We'll have more on this.

   

In Abyei, New UN Report Says South Sudan Has 660 Soldiers, Sudan 150 Oil Personnel, Violations Both

By Matthew Russell Lee

UNITED NATIONS, February 26 -- The UN's new report on Abyei, to become public under symbol S/2014/126, paints a picture of widespread violations by both Sudan and South Sudan, in the shadow of the crisis in the latter.

  From South Sudan, the UN report says its all-Ethiopia UNISFA mission in Abyei "observed the presence around 660 military elements of the SPLA and South Sudan National Police Service... armed with AK-47 rifles and anti-tank rocket propelled grenades; many of them have established military-type settlements, including fire trenches."

  This of course violates the June 2011 agreement; the UN adds that it "poses security risks to Misseriya nomads migrating through the area."

  Sudan, on the other hand, is reported also violate the agreement: "Sudan oil police continued to maintain approximately 120 to 150 personnel inside the Diffra oil complex in northern Abyei... about 30 Sudan oil personnel were observed in the vicinity of the Beer Adrak oil pump station and in Mekines, outside their usual area of deployment in the Diffra oil complex." What now?

  The last time the UN Security Council considered Abyei, back on November 25, 2013, Sudan's and South Sudan's ambassadors traded speeches about Abyei in the Council, and things got personal.

  While the Security Council urged against the unilateral referendum held in Abyei, South Sudan's Francis Deng on Monday praised it. He said the Miseriya had been out of the area "in their own homeland" 125 miles away when the referendum was held.

  Inner City Press has previously reported that Deng's family comes from Abyei, and has questioned if he owns property there. It makes for a more dramatic story.

  Sudan's Permanent Representative Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman took the floor to say Deng's speech was against the current tenor between Khartoum and Juba, and was based on "personal interests" and not the interests of the whole of South Sudan.

  It's rare these days at the UN for arguments to turn personal in this way. Relatedly, some in the Council note that soon after Ambassador Susan Rice was promoted to Washington, there were no more twice a month meetings on Sudan and South Sudan. In fairness we report that others say that's a coincidence. Like Deng's personal story? Both are compelling. 

  Now on February 26, Daffa-Alla has moved on from his posting in New York, and it is reported that Francis Deng has been recalled to Juba. Watch this site.

  

On Abyei, South Sudan's Deng Praises Referendum, Sudan PR Calls It Personal, Susan Rice Echo

By Matthew Russell Lee

UNITED NATIONS, November 25 -- Sudan's and South Sudan's ambassadors traded speeches about Abyei in the UN Security Council Monday morning, and things got personal.

  While the Security Council urged against the unilateral referendum held in Abyei, South Sudan's Francis Deng on Monday praised it. He said the Miseriya had been out of the area "in their own homeland" 125 miles away when the referendum was held.

  Inner City Press has previously reported that Deng's family comes from Abyei, and has questioned if he owns property there. It makes for a more dramatic story.

  Sudan's Permanent Representative Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman took the floor to say Deng's speech was against the current tenor between Khartoum and Juba, and was based on "personal interests" and not the interests of the whole of South Sudan.

  It's rare these days at the UN for arguments to turn personal in this way. Relatedly, some in the Council note that soon after Ambassador Susan Rice was promoted to Washington, there were no more twice a month meetings on Sudan and South Sudan. In fairness we report that others say that's a coincidence. Like Deng's personal story? Both are compelling. Watch this site.

   

On South Sudan, Hilde Johnson Downplays Copter's Mis-Use and Shoot-down, Disappeared Tweet: DPKO No Answer on Claims Commisisons: Pattern under Ladsous

By Matthew Russell Lee

UNITED NATIONS, November 18 -- When the UN's envoy to South Sudan Hilde Johnson gave an open briefing to the Security Council on Monday morning, she did not give any update on the shooting down of a Russian helicopter and the death of the pilots.

   She did however accuse South Sudan of "67 cases of SOFA violations... among them threats, assaults and detention of UN personnel."

  After Johnson spoke, South Sudan's Permanent Representative Francis Deng said, with less specificity, that complaints against Johnson's UNMISS mission had been made to him, and he had briefed Johnson about them.

  Inner City Press went to the UN's noon briefing on Monday and asked Secretary General Ban Ki-moon's spokesperson Farhan Haq if there was any update on the shooting down of the helicopter, and on the violations by UNMISS alluded to by Ambassador Deng, himself a former UN official. Haq responded that Johnson might be taking questions after the Security Council meeting.

  When Johnson appeared, with at least two spokespeople, she said she would take two questions. Inner City Press asked for an update on the helicopter's shooting down, after so much time.

  Johnson replied that soon there will be accountability, though some mechanism set up by president Salva Kiir.

  But Inner City Press understands that even in closed door consultations, Hilde Johnson did not bring the matter up. Rather, she was twice asked about it, including being told that it is inappropriate for UN Peacekeeping to send civilian helicopters ferrying into dangerous militarized zones.

  Accountability for the shoot down must include the UN Mission which sent these copters in. Is this why Johnson doesn't raise it, not only in the open briefing, but also in the closed?

  On the complaints Deng alluded to, she replied that there is a communications process and she will briefing the National Aliens Committee on any misunderstanding. The result is that the UN publicly makes specific enumerated complaints against the host country, but refuses to provide any specific information about complains made about or against the UN Mission.

  Finally, Inner City Press asked Johnson about the "disappeared" tweet by an UNMISS staffer on which it previously reported: Mathilde Kaalund-Jørgensen of the UN Mission in South Sudan tweeted this:

"#breaking Lou Nuer youth are mobilising in big numbers leaving #Akobo town empty heading towards Dengjok #Southsudan"

  Given previous bloodshed between the Lou Nuer and Murle, and UNMISS inaction, this gave rise to concerns. So much so that the Mathilde Kaalund account profile disappeared from Twitter.

  This came after Akobo county commissioner Kuang Rambang accused the UN Peacekeeping mission of unfairness. One way or another, the UN should have responded. But instead, the account simply disappeared.

  On Monday, after Inner City Press asked, Johnson said it never should have been tweeted. More should be said -- including the rights where appropriate for whistleblowers to make things public that the UN may be covering up, for example on having brought cholera to Haiti.

  Also at Monday's UN noon briefing, Inner City Press asked for an answer to a question it asked last week, related to the UN bringing cholera to Haiti and then refusing to be accountable. Does UN Peacekeeping in any of its missions have established the Standing Claims Commission provided for it its SOFA or Status of Forces Agreements?

  On Monday, Haq said he had asked DPKO -- whose main spokesperson Kieran Dwyer stood to the side of Johnson's stakeout -- but that it is "not a yes or no question." Really? Does DPKO have any Commissions - if you can't say yes after multiple days, is the answer "no"?

  UN Peacekeeping as a whole is declined into a stonewalling organization under Herve Ladsous: click here for video, here for UK coverage. Each SRSG is free to be more responsive, and should. 

 One might ask: given Hilde Johnson's previous advocacy for children and clean water at UNICEF, what does she think of how the UN and MINUSTAH have dealt with their role in Haiti cholera?

Footnote: While UN Peacekeeping Ladsous says he will not answer Inner City Press' questions, it must be noted: for the two stakeouts Monday on UNMISS, the only questions about South Sudan came from Inner City Press. Another question, predictably, was about Syria, another about Saudi Arabia's Security Council seat for which Jordan is reaching. 

  Maybe Ladsous came arrange another "private briefing" to get his message out, as he did to spin and stonewall on the 135 rapes in Minova by his partners in the Congolese Army. Oh wait - he is privately briefing due-payers, tomorrow. Watch this site.

   

At UN for Human Rights Council, Only Africans and Latin Group Have Competion, Of France & UK Dominance, Jordan Walks Away

By Matthew Russell Lee

UNITED NATIONS, November 12 -- Among the UN system's five regional groups, only two have any competition in the election of their members this morning to the UN Human Rights Council.

  The Asian / Pacific Group was going to have competition, before Jordan dropped out. From Eastern Europe, two candidates for two seats. The West European and Other Group, which talks a lot about democracy and against "clean slates," has a clean slate: two candidates, the UK and France, for two seats. As if the UK and France don't already over-dominate, with their veto wielding seats on the Security Council.

  The Latin American and Caribbean Group has Cuba, Uruguay and Mexico vying for two seats. The African Group, for four seats, has five candidates: Algeria, Morocco, Namibia, South Africa and South Sudan.

On Monday late afternoon, after Secretary General Ban Ki-moon's speech to member states in the Trusteeship Council Chamber, South Sudan's Permanent Representative Francis Deng, himself a former UN official, was seen heading to the Delegates Lounge in last-minute campaigning.

  Also campaigning was a Togolese diplomat running for the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. The Permanent Representative from another African country told Inner City Press, it's a competitive race, and some "Europeans try to undermine African candidates for the ICTY."

  Down in the UN lobby, Morocco had arranged to have a display in support of its candidacy. In the General Assembly last week, it defended the exclusion of the Frente Polisario from the Security Council stakeout, saying this is only for member states. (The UN told Inner City Press it is only for "participants" in Security Council meetings, a different standard.)

In essence, only two countries will be left exposed as "losers" Tuesday morning. (This is prevalent at all levels of the UN, locking in the lack of reform.) But to compete and lose is one thing -- to through weight around, as is WEOG, is something else. Watch this site.

   

Amid Fighting in Jonglei & SPLA Inaction, US Speaks, UN Barely Audible

By Matthew Russell Lee

UNITED NATIONS, July 11 -- Amid renewed clashes in South Sudan's Jonglei state between Lou Nuer and Murle fighters, South Sudan Army spokesman Col. Philip Aguer said the Army had not received orders to intervene in the ethnic clashes that he said were a "communal" issue to be handled by the civilian authorities.

  "If there are two communities fighting how do you separate them with firearms?" Aguer asked. "Since these are civilians fighting civilians we think it is the (civilian) authority that should come up with a decision."

  At the UN in New York, Inner City Press asked US Acting Permanent Representative Rosemary DiCarlo, this month's Council president, about Jonglei. From the USUN transcript:

Inner City Press: there's reports of renewed fighting in Jonglei state today, and the South Sudan government said it is not sending its army, that it's a civilian matter (inaudible) by civilian authorities. I am wondering, well, does the U.S. think that the army should do more, and what is the UN's role in trying to stop this deadly violence in Jonglei state?

Ambassador DiCarlo: First of all, we are deeply concerned about the violence-the intra-communal violence-that is going on in Jonglei state. We have called on the government of South Sudan to protect civilians. We have said it is the responsibility of the government to protect civilians. We have been very clear on that. The UN, obviously UNMISS, has a mandate to protect civilians as well-Chapter VII-but it is the primary responsibility of the government.

  Later on Thursday after the Security Council extended the mandate of UN Mission in South Sudan for another year, the country's Permanent Representative Francis Deng gave a nice sounding speech about freedom of expression. But, at least at first listen live, it did not explain Aguer's statement.

  Three hours after the short meeting which included Deng's speech was over, the UN had still not put the video of the session on its website. The Free UN Coalition for Access, through @FUNCA_info, asked why, without UN explanation. 

  This is the latest in a series of snafus including the cutting of the sound during South Sudan envoy Hilde Johnson's speech, a lack of translation on the UN Webcast, and bad sound quality. The UN recently gave an outside contractor TeamPeople total control, including over labor rights: many long time employees were let go. This is the result. What will the UN do?

  And bigger picture, in South Sudan what will the UNMISS mission, ultimately run by Herve Ladsous, do? Ladsous refused Press questions both Thursday morning (about the Geneva Conventions) and Thursday afternoon (about being criticized in Council consultations.) In this context, how can UN Peacekeeping be effective? Watch this site.

   

Susan Rice Says Abyei Mandate Is Now Clear, Sudan Denies Chad Is In Darfur

By Matthew Russell Lee

UNITED NATIONS, May 29 -- In Abyei after the Ngok Dinka paramount chief was killed by the Misseriya, along with a UN peacekeeper from the UNISFA mission, South Sudan Ambassador Francis Deng told Inner City Press thatthe UN wasn't implementing its protection of civilians mandate.

  Deng, a former UN official and also the brother of the paramount chief, told Inner City Press that the UNISFA force commander told him that it was his understanding the mandate concerned protecting civilians from the Sudanese Army, not from non state actors like the Misseriya nomads.

  Inner City Press repeatedly asked the UN about this, but has run into difficulties because the head of UN Peacekeeping Herve Ladsous outright refuses to answer its questions. (On May 29 he refused again, concerning the 135 rapes in Minova in November 2012 by 41st and 391st Battalions of the Congolese Army, with which the UN continues to work; video here).

  After the UN Security Council on Wednesday adopted a US-drafted resolution extended the mandate of UNISFA,click here for the text of the resolution put online by Inner City Press just after the vote, Inner City Press asked US Ambassador Susan Rice about Deng's comments and the UN's mandate.

  In a longer answer transcribed by the US Mission, see below, Ambassador Rice said that "We discussed in our consultations on the topic of UNIFSA a couple weeks ago the question of whether there was any ambiguity in the mandate about the nature and scope of the protection of civilians requirement. The Secretariat affirmed that it is their understanding and, indeed, it is clear to UNIFSA that indeed protection of civilians means protection of civilians against a threat from wherever it may materialize."

  The Secretariat means Ladsous' Department of Peacekeeping Operations. While Ameerah Haq of the UN Department of Field Support gave a long, suprisingly candid answer to Inner City Press' questions about the use of "soft skin" vehicles by the UN Mission in South Sudan, including in an incident in which five Indian peacekeepers were killed in Jonglei State, the military mandate and rules of engagement question should be answered by Herve Ladsous. But when?

  After Ambassador Rice left the stakeout, and much of the press corps also left to go hear Ladsous, Inner City Press stayed and asked Sudanese Ambassador Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman a question it also asked Rice: are Chadian forces inside Sudan, chasing rebels from the Justice and Equality Movement through Darfur into Southern Kordofan?

  Sudan's Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman said no, Chad is a "friendly country" but Sudan's army can take care of its business (as it perceives it). He criticized "a few Council members" for blocking any statement on rebel abuses in Abu Karshola. And he told Inner City Press that the US' blocking of the Islamic African Relief Association in the UN's NGO Committee was because of the group's name. We'll see.

Here's the US Mission's transcript:

Inner City Press: On Abyei, South Sudan ambassador Francis Deng had said that he spoke to the force commander of UNIFSA who didn’t understand it to be his duty to protect civilians from the Misseriya, only from governmental forces. And he said that the written mandate is clear, but that there seems to be some problem in implementing it. Do you think that this resolution will actually lead to the kind of incident that targeted the paramount chief or that targets people in Abyei? And also, there’s a report of Chad having pursued JEM rebels through Darfur into Southern Kordofan. I don’t know if that is something the U.S. is aware of. Do you think it’s actually happening? Are you aware of that?

Ambassador Rice: I can’t comment on the latter allegation. But let me say with respect to the UNIFSA mandate—first of all, the United States very strongly supports UNIFSA, and we’re grateful for the very valuable contributions that Ethiopia and other contributors have made to that mission. And we’re pleased that among the provisions of resolution 2104 is the expansion of UNIFSA such that it will be able to carry out not only its responsibilities in Abyei but support the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism.

We discussed in our consultations on the topic of UNIFSA a couple weeks ago the question of whether there was any ambiguity in the mandate about the nature and scope of the protection of civilians requirement. The Secretariat affirmed that it is their understanding and, indeed, it is clear to UNIFSA that indeed protection of civilians means protection of civilians against a threat from wherever it may materialize. Nevertheless, we thought it wise to take the opportunity of the mandate renewal to underscore that and make plain that the Council’s expectations are, as you will see in the mandate, that protection of civilians entails protection no matter what the source of the violence against them.

Sudan Army Involvement, and Some of UN's Negligence in Abyei & Blue Nile, Shown in New Report, "Anatomy of a Conflict"

By Matthew Russell Lee

UNITED NATIONS, May 21 -- New light is cast on war crimes in Sudan 2010 to 2012 by a study released today,Anatomy of a Conflict. 

  In 160 pages, with over 700 footnotes, the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative's (HHI's) Signal Program for Human Security and Technology details the movements of Sudan army units and commanders, the destruction of buildings, the looting of Abyei.

  Inner City Press covered Sudan then and now; the report (at note 64) cites Inner City Press questions and reporting about the UN providing free helicopter flights to Abyei for Ahmed Haroun, indicted by the International Criminal Court of war crimes in Darfur. 

  Haroun is now advising those who attacked and killed the Dinka Ngok paramount chief in Abyei; the UN then as now is refusing to answer questions about its actions and even mandate during that fight.

  The report notes that in October 2011 Inner City Press asked Herve Ladsous, who had just arrived as the fourth Frenchman in a row to lead UN Peacekeepering, about flight of janjaweed militia from Darfur to Blue Nile states (Note 525).

  Ladsous, who at that time was willing to answer Inner City Press' questions until his answer got him into trouble, said that "We have no mandate to follow who is flying from where."

  No mandate? Three peacekeeping missions, a billion dollars each, and no mandate? No performance? No accountability?

  Now since May 2012, Ladsous refuses to answer Inner City Press questions, including about the mandate of UNISFA in the recently killing of the Dinka Ngok paramount chief. 

  South Sudan Permanent Representative Francis Deng, the murdered chief's brother, told Inner City Press that UN Peacekeeping is not implementing the protection of civilians mandate given to it by the Security Council. But still, no response from Ladsous.

  HHI's director Michael VanRooyen in releasing the embargoed study said it "demonstrat[es] how humanitarian actors can see other, future disasters in new ways." UN Peacekeeping, to the degree it is an actor, should not only see but act in new ways in the future.

  The Signal Program report is useful, and we anticipate referring to it more in the future. But it does not cast a critical enough eye on UN Peacekeeping and its leadership: these are the common denominators in the failure to protect civilians in Sudan, now in South Sudan, and in Eastern Congo. That is a study that is needed. Watch this site.

After Abyei Killings, South Sudan Says UN Peacekeping Doesn't Protect Civilians from Misseriya: #Ladsous2013

By Matthew Russell Lee

UNITED NATIONS, May 9 -- Following the May 4 killing of a UN peacekeeper and the Ngok Dinka paramount chief Kuol Deng Kuol, UN Peacekeeping Herve Ladsous refused to answer Inner City Press questions about the attack.

  On May 9, Inner City Press put three questions to South Sudan's ambassador to the UN Francis Deng -- the older brother of Kuol Deng Kuol -- about the attack and murder of his brother.

  Why doesn't UN Peacekeeping's UNISFA mission do a better job of protecting civilians in Abyei, particularly from the Misseriya?

  Deng said that although the mandate adopted by the Security Council should permit such protection -- he cited the Rwanda genocide -- UN Peacekeeping is not interpreting it that way. He said the UN Peacekeeping mission does not have credibility, leading to the Misseriya laying siege to a convoy with the Ngok Dinka chief inside.

  This same issue arose in Cote d'Ivoire, where UN Peacekeepers stood by as perceived Laurent Gbagbo supporters in the Nahibly camp for internally displaced people were killed and the camp burned down. A UN special rapporteur told Inner City Press the peacekeepers said they were not to engage with non state actors.

  Ladsous' DPKO denied it, then continued to repeatedly refuse Press questions -- and now this.

  Deng and South Sudan are calling for an investigation. But can the UN, particularly Ladsous' DPKO, investigate itself?

I nner City Press asked Deng of reports that Misseriya chief Bobo Nimir blaming UNISFA and consulting with South Kordofan government Ahmed Haroun, who is indicted by the International Criminal Court. 

  Deng replied that Bobo Nimir fils has previously acknowledge the existence of Dinka land, and so now may just be channeling Sudan government statements.

  Sudan, meanwhile, is increasingly angry about the Security Council's failure to condemn in a press statement the attacks on Umm Rawaba and Abu Karshola.

Inner City Press is told of a new draft resolution on UNISFA, on which the United States has the pen.

  Meanwhile, after Ladsous' refusal to answer Inner City Press' questions on Abyei, this was finally sent by Ban Ki-moon's spokesperson's office:

Subject: On Abyei.
From: UN Spokesperson - Do Not Reply [at] un.org
Date: Thu, May 9, 2013 at 1:10 PM
To: Matthew.Lee [at] innercitypress.com

In response to your questions on the recent attack in Abyei:

The UN mission in the area will begin an investigation into the attack as soon as the security situation allows.

The Department of Peacekeeping Operations is confident that its peacekeepers responded robustly to the incident.

The visit to the Diffra area was made at the rest of Ngok Dinka representatives who wanted to visit returnee locations.

   But is Ladsous' DPKO "robust" in protecting civilians from the Misseriya (or mobs in Cote d'Ivoire)? Watch this site.